The Link between Crime and Mental Disorder Essay Example for Free

The Link between Crime and Mental Disorder Essay In an effort to understand, and therefore reduce or eliminate crime, studies are conducted that examine the many factors that influence or affect it. One of the influences [or possible influences] that affect crime [particularly violent crime]is mental disorder. Several studies have been carried out that investigate this link, which have uncovered much important information. These studies [as with most studies] however, are not without bias. Things such as definition of mental disorder or abnormality are often questionable, as are sample distributions. There are also individual factors, such as type of mental disorder and previous criminal records of subjects, which can influence the results. After taking these factors into account, the research results when examined, suggest, contrary to popular belief, that individuals with mental disorders are generally no more likely to commit crime than individuals without mental disorder. It is a common assumption, that whenever a brutal, violent or senseless crime is committed, it is by someone who is mentally ill or sick. Blaming violent and senseless crime on mental disorders may be comforting but it is not necessarily accurate. A stereotype has developed of the insane mass murderer largely due to the media, however, research evidence suggests that this stereotype is far from accurate. Much research on the link between crime [specifically to this discussion, violent crime] and mental disorder has been conducted, however there are different factors that need to be taken into account when examining this link. Definition of mental disorder is a major one, along with possible uneven sample distributions. Also, there have been changes in mental health and criminal justice policies that have increasingly made hospitalisation restricted to those who are more socially disruptive or dangerous. With these considerations in mind, research evidence can be then be examined. As previously stated, there are many problems with the mental disorder definition. The major symptom of mental disorder is abnormal behaviour, however, there is no strict criteria that sufficiently defines abnormality. Behaviour could be labelled abnormal if it deviates from the statistical  norm, however, as the American Psychiatric association [1987] notes there are no sharp boundaries between normality and abnormality. It can be concluded from this then, that there are no sharp boundaries between mental order and mental disorder. Behaviour could also be labelled abnormal if it deviates from the cultural norm. This is problematic because what society deems as normal is subjective and constantly changing. For example, homosexuality was regarded as being a mental disorder until 1973. These are only two of the ways in which mental disorder is possibly identified but others, such as behaviour that is subjectively distressing, deviates from optimal social or psychological functioning or fails to meet some ideal of health [Blackburn, 1993, p.247] are all subjective and are by no means exact. As such, these classifications have numerous exceptions. Another element of research on the mental disorder and crime link that is often questioned, is the sample distribution. Some believe that many of the studies conducted in this area have an uneven sample distribution that introduces bias in the results. As with many studies conducted in the criminology field, there is the question: should only those convicted of crime [and in this case, those officially diagnosed with a mental disorder] be studied or, should only those who indulge in criminal activity but have not yet been detected by the criminal justice system [or those with undiagnosed mental disorders] be studied, or both? Furthermore, if it is decided that both should be studied, how can people who commit crime, but have not been convicted, or people with mental disorders who have not been diagnosed, be included? These are difficult questions that are up to the individual[s] who are conducting the study to answer, and, different answers, can and usually will, dramatically affect the results. This, however, is not the only way in which a sample distribution could become uneven. A study conducted by Teplin [1984, 1985] cited by Bartol [1999, p.143] examined the tendency of police officers to arrest individuals with a mental disorder. Graduate students of psychology looked at 1382 encounters, and evaluated the mental health of the citizens according to a symptom checklist. The police qualified 506 citizens as suspects and arrested 148.  The students classified 30 of the 506 suspects and 14 of the 148 suspects that were arrested as having a mental disorder. Therefore it was found that 20% more individuals were arrested with mental disorder symptoms than those without. This is believed to be due to the fact that many people with a mental disorder have symptoms such as verbal abuse, belligerence, and general disrespect. This makes it fairly understandable that their arrest record is significantly higher than the general population, but it must be understood that it does not indicate a greater proneness to criminal activity. While considering uneven sample distributions, one must also consider the relatively recent changes in mental health and criminal justice policies. Long term inpatient care or hospitalisation of the mentally disordered is a practice that has largely disappeared [Bartol, 1999, p.141]. Therefore, the mentally disordered have become a more visible presence in the community, and so, if a problem occurs, it is usually up to the law enforcement officials to handle it. According to Teplin, as a result jails and prisons may have become the long-term repository for mentally ill individuals who, in a previous era, would have been institutionalised within a psychiatric facility [cited in Bartol, 1999, p.141]. Also, it has been suggested that studies which examine the criminal activity of recently released patients may be biased, as there has been an increased number of patients with previous arrest histories being admitted to mental hospitals from 15% to 40% over a thirty year period. This is due to an increasing tendency of courts to refer habitual offenders for psychiatric diagnosis. Therefore any post treatment criminal activity may not be related to the mental disorder at all, but more related to their having a previous criminal record. Once these, as well definition issues have been considered, the actual relationship between mental disorder and crime [specifically violent crime], and the research evidence can be examined. There have been several studies conducted on criminal behaviour in psychiatric patients, with the earlier findings indicating that mentally disordered individuals are no more likely to commit violent crimes than  those in the general population. However, more recent research has shown that male psychiatric patients who have a history of at least one violent incident, have a high probability of being violent within a year after being released from hospital. Rabkin [1979], cited by Bartol [p.142], conducted a review of the criminal behaviour of discharged mental patients, and found that the arrest rate for discharged mental patients was higher than the rate for the general population, particularly for assaultive or violent behaviour. There are two explanations suggested for this. Firstly, a small percentage of the patients studied that had criminal records before being admitted to hospital continued their criminal activities after being released. These patients substantially inflated the arrest rates for the other mental patients. Also there is the factor of arrest bias, as was previously mentioned. Secondly, Rabkin found that most offences committed after discharge were by those diagnosed with alcoholism, substance addiction or personality disorder. Alcoholism and substance abuse appear quite often in this type of research but do not represent serious or typical mental disorders, and the classification of personality disorders are vague and often questioned. It was found that with these three categories excluded, or considered separately, the remainder of the group appeared to be considerably less dangerous than those in general population. Another study conducted a 19 month follow up of discharged mental patients in 1968 and 1975 by Steadman, Cocozza and Melick, cited by Blackburn [1993, p. 266] Of the two samples, 6.9% and 9.4% were arrested about three times higher than the general population rate. It was found that the arrests after release were related to prior arrests, age or alcohol abuse. For patients with no prior arrests, the level was lower than that of the general population. Similarly, a study conducted by Linqvist and Allebeck {1990] cited by Blackburn {1993} which did a fifteen year follow up of released mental patients found that offence rates for the males were only slightly higher than the general population, but on the other hand, females offended at twice the expected rate. In contrast to these studies, one conducted by  Sosowsky, which studied patients with no previous arrest records, found that the arrest rates were five times higher than those of the local county in which it was conducted. It was believed, however, that when other factors such as age, race or socioeconomic status are taken into account in this study, the arrest rate becomes comparable to that of the general population. The results of these studies imply that criminal activity after discharge moreso depends upon previous arrest and other demographic factors than the mental disorder itself. Another way to examine the mental disorder and crime link is to look at mental disorder in prisoners, as opposed to criminal activity in individuals with a mental disorder. Mental disorders in prisoners is sometimes believed to be evidence of a link between crime and abnormal behaviour. Research reveals that the rate of mental disorders in prison significantly varies ranging from five to 16 percent psychotic [Teplin, 1990, cited by Bartol, 1999] In New York prisons, it is estimated that about eight percent of inmates have severe mental disabilities while sixteen percent have significant mental disabilities. A study conducted by Taylor of life sentenced prisoners in London [mostly murderers] found that 9% had symptoms of schizophrenia, 13% were found to be depressed and 33% personality disordered. These statistics are mostly similar to others found in Britain, but are significantly higher than those found elsewhere. This form of research, however is unclear on whether the mental disorder was present before being imprisoned, or if it happened as a result of being imprisoned. It is believed that prison may have detrimental effects on mental states meaning that the mental disorder may have come after the crime was committed. This would not be reflected in the results and so, would therefore introduce a bias. Research evidence indicates that there is no significant link between mental disorder and violence, however, it has been suggested that some disorders increase the risk. A study conducted in 1982 by Hafner and Boker, cited by Blackburn [p.269] surveyed all 533 case of murder, attempted murder and manslaughter in the Federal Republic of Germany between 1955 and 1964, who were found to be not responsible for their actions because of a serious mental disorder  [schizophrenic or affective psychosis, organic brain disorder, mental retardation]. The authors of the survey estimated that the mentally disordered accounted for 2.9% of convictions for serious violence and for 5.6% of murders. Hafner and Boker found that schizophrenia was overrepresented and affective psychosis underrepresented in their sample. Though the risk of serious violence in schizophrenia is very low [about 0.05%], it is much higher than other disorders, such as affective disorders and mental retardation [0.006%]. Depression has also been linked to violence, particularly homicide, mainly among females, Some recent research has indicated that there has been a link between violence and post traumatic stress disorder. Despite the fact that aggression is not among the criteria for diagnosing this disorder, irritability is, and it is also sometimes associated with unpredictable explosions of aggressive behaviour [American Psychiatric Association, 1987, cited in Blackburn, p. 273]. A study of 100 Vietnam veterans with PTSD found that 97% were explosive and irritable, 87% were socially avoidant and 72%were substance abusers. [Solursh, 1989, cited in Blackburn, p.273. This study, however, is unclear on the actual arrest or assault level. With the exception of some forms of personality disorder, no mental disorder seems strongly associated with violent behaviour, unless, as was previously stated, there is already a history of violence in the patient. Though schizophrenia has higher rates of violent occurrence, it is important to note that very few patients with this disorder actually commit acts of violence approximately 5 out of every 10 000 schizophrenics are likely to become violent. Only in very rare case does mental disorder completely absolve anyone of responsibility for their actions. [Bourne and Russo, 1998, p.569] The link between crime and mental disorder is a hard one to measure, because of the many and various other factors that come into play. Sample distributions are always questionable, as are specific definitions. Also, it is reasonable to assume that because neither crime nor mental disorder is extremely rare, it is inevitable that the two will overlap, however correlation is not causation [Bourne and Russo, 1998, p.571] the two may  exist even in the absence of a causal relationship. Research evidence suggests that no form of mental disorder [with the possible exception of some forms of personality disorder] seems strongly associated with violent crime, unless, the individual already has a history of violence some research in this area suggests that these individuals may be dangerous, and are prone to indulging in violent behaviour. However, the stereotype of the psychotic mass murderer that kills indiscriminately is inaccurate. Though, mental disorder may be one of the factors, it is seldom the only factor in play. Having a mental disorder rarely excuses or accounts for any act of crime, violent or otherwise. The numerous studies on the subject have generally found that the link between mental disorder and crime is not as significant as is often assumed.

Do attitudes predict behaviour

Do attitudes predict behaviour Do attitudes predict behaviour? The relationship between attitudes and behaviour is one of the most controversial topics in social psychology. Though the definition of attitudes can not be confirmed yet, this essay uses the description in Hoggs and Vaughans book (1995) that attitudes are â€Å"a general feeling or evaluation about persons, object or issue as well as a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings and behavioural tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, evens or symbols†. This definition indicates that there is a close relationship between attitudes and behaviour. While some critical evidences arose to show that attitudes have little predictive power on behaviour after the LaPieres experiment (1934), the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is still being researched as one of the main topic in the social psychology during recent years. This essay will analyse the link between the attitudes and behaviour. This essay begins by looking at the attitude-behaviour in consistency and then will go on to focus on the theory of planned behaviour which may be regarded as the key theory to deal with the attitude-behaviour relationship. It is so naive as to think a persons attitudes and behaviour are linked directly and consistently. It can be seen all the time that people say they want to keep fit but they never do excises, people are worried about global warming while they are driving high exhaust cars and using air-conditions. The discovery of the attitude-behaviour inconsistency goes back to 1930s America depending on the work of the Stanford sociologist Richard LaPiere. At that time, the people in the US had a strong prejudice on Asian. After LaPiere and his two Chinese friends traveled through the US, they were pleasantly surprised to find that out of the 250 hotels and restaurants they visited, all but one served them courteously. Six months later, LaPiere sent a questionnaire to all the hotels and restaurants they visited, asking â€Å"will you accept members of the Chinese race as guests in your establishment?† Incredibly 90% of participants answered no, they would not accept Chinese race into their establishment. This experiment do shows the inconsistency of attitudes and behaviour. After this research, Wicker (1969) found that the average correlation between attitudes and behaviour was only 0.15, which indicated the weak link between attitudes and behaviour. Though LaPieres experiment caused critics to the attitude-behaviour consistency, it did not deny the link between attitudes and behaviour. LaPieres experiment was not designed for attitudes research and there were some problems lay in the questionnaire that may lead some mistakes in this study: the people who answered the questionnaires might not be the person who severed the Chinese couple; the responders did not be told that the Chinese couple was polite, educated and well-dressed; attitudes may have changed during the six months. One of the influence factors in LaPieres experiment is the measurement method of attitudes. It is not easy to measure attitudes and researchers rely heavily on asking people and using questionnaires which are all self-described methods. States by Fiske (2004), self-report measurement is more easily to gain the explicit attitudes than the implicit attitudes. When the conflict between explicit and implicit attitudes happened, behaviour is always coursed by implicit attitude. As implicit attitudes always gained from indirect and complex methods, self-described method can hardly indicates it. The research done by Sherman, Rose and Koch, et al (2003) on implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking shows that implicit attitudes can predict behaviour more stably and accurately. Implicit attitudes are seldom influenced by other factors which can disrupt the correspondence between attitudes and behaviour. In the other words, the using of self-described questionnaires for measuring the attitudes may become a cause of inaccuracy in the prediction of the behaviour. Another important factor influenced LaPieres study is the six months. Though attitude is a stable and enduring evaluation, it may change as the time went by. So as the questionnaires were done after six months, the participants attitudes may have changed during the six month which may lead to the illusion that attitudes do not predict behaviour. As to the other studies on the link between attitudes and behaviour, time interval always exists between the measurement of attitude and behaviour. Some times it would last a long time, six months, a month; or some times just a week. But no matter how long it was, attitude may probably have changed during this period. This will influence the consistency between attitude and behaviour as well. When attitudes are used to predict behaviour, it would be influenced by many different variables, such as the methods of attitudes measurement as mentioned above, the attitude strength, social norm, past experience and habits, etc. So the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is not related in a one-to-one fashion (Hogg and Vaughan, 1995). The general models dealing with link between attitudes and behaviour are the reasoned action theory (TRA) and the planned behaviour theory (TPB). These two theories are not in conflict, TPB is an improvement of the first theory. The reasoned action theory was first put forward by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1974 which believed that behavioural intention is the result of the combination of subjective norm and attitude towards the behaviour and the behavioural intention leads to the behaviour. That is people will behaviour after evaluated by the attitude towards the behaviour and judge the propriety by the subjective norm. It emphasises that people can control the behaviour consciously, for example, â€Å"I can do exercises regularly if I really want to keep fit†. However, as it mentioned above, there are few people do exercise though they want to keep fit. Further more some kinds of behaviour are less under peoples conscious control. For example, people will behave under the automatically activated attitudes without thinking rationally to choose the best reason for action. The repeated behaviour such as smoking as a habit may become divorced from attitude. This kind of automatically activated attitude like habits occurs frequently in daily. So people may only think rationally when they faced new or difficult situations. In addition, a behaviour that performed successfully not only depends on the behavioural intention, but also some other variables, such as opportunities and technologiesï ¼Ë†Peach, . Jimmieson and White, 2005ï ¼â€° In order to describe the link between attitudes and behaviour more accurately, the planned behaviour theory (TPB) was carried out by Ajzen at 1989 as the extension of the original theory. Perceived behavioural control is the improvement in the TPB which means the persons belief about how easy or difficult to perform an act. To make such a decision, people need to combine the past experience with the present obstacles. The accuracy of the prediction of behaviour was improved in the study that Beck and Ajzen (1991) have done about the students dishonest behaviour since the perceived behavioural control has been measured (Hogg and Vaughan, 1995). So in the TRA and TPB, both the external variables such as opportunities, resources and the peoples internal variables such as normative beliefs and abilities are taken into consideration. This combination of external and internal makes TPB becomes the key theory dealing with the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. In these two theori es, the action could be predicted if the persons attitude and social norm are favorable, as well as the level of perceived behavioural control is high. In this essay, the relationship between attitudes and behaviour has been analysed. The inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour was described followed by the reasons why this could happen in the LaPieres experiment. The self-report measurement which is widely used to measure attitudes has been evaluated as it would cause some inaccuracy in the prediction of future actions. The reasoned action theory (TRA) and planned behaviour theory (TPB) have been introduced in details as the main theories dealing with the link between attitudes and behaviour. To conclude, attitudes do predict behaviour once the variables in the measurement and the TPB are well-controlled. The scope of this paper was limited by the lack of introducing other variables influence the correspondence between attitudes and behaviour. However the first step is to realizse that attitude can predict behaviour no matter storge or weak. Reference Fiske S T. Social Being: a Core Motive Approach to Social psychology. John Wiley Sons, Int, 2004. 244~249 Hogg, Michael A. and Vaughan, Graham M. (2005). Social Psychology. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 150~171 Peach M, Jimmieson N L, And White K M. Beliefs underlying employee readiness to support a building relocation: a theory of planned behavior perspective. Organization Development Journal, 2005, 23(3), 9~23 Sherman S J, Rose J S and Koch K, et al. Implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking: The effects of context and motivation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2003, 22(1), 13~40

The Theory Of Supply And Hilton Hotels Economics Essay

The Theory Of Supply And Hilton Hotels Economics Essay Hilton hotels are among those hotels in world who provide all facilities that a normal person expects from caterings to business travel and leisure guests. They own more than 2700 hotels around the world starting from Europe to Asia. Their online sales at present are at the top of the list compared to other hotels. The hotel was founded in the year 1919, and the founder of Hilton hotel is Conard Hilton. Conard Hilton was a well disciplined and determined person who always had a keen interest in expanding the hotel space by every square foot so as to make the customers happy feel comfortable. In the year 1919 in Cisco, Texas, the first Hilton hotel was constructed by Mr. Hilton. And the Paris, the granddaughter of Conard Hilton, who has estimate $300 million family fortune. She is one of the hotel magnates of this huge Hilton organisation. Conard Hiltons (1887-1979) birth place is San Antonio. He made a statement that the hotel established by him was one of the best in all cities and he posted the phrase Take me to Hilton. Hilton hotels are popular for offering high class accommodation facilities for their guest in the busy destinations. Mp3 friendly alarms are established for the guest to wake up and the guest has full freedom to select his or her own tunes for the day. They are famous for the level and comfort that they provide to their customers. At present the Port of San Diego and Hilton are planning to establish a hotel with 1200 rooms on the waterfront adjacent to the San Diego Convention Centre. With the hard work and dedication by the meeting planners of Hilton hotel the H Honours program effectiveness has grown from 34% in 2002 to 40% now. Using the same business rate stay, the program members earn both H Honours points as well as airline miles, and this is usually called as Double Dipping. And there is a card called The American Express Hilton H honours Program Credit card through which a customer can earn points and have a free stay at Hilton hotel as well. Hilton Malta which is one of the most prestigious hotel promises the words best in accommodation for their customers, with high class treatment and service. The top priority chain of Hilton is their business travel. Using this they have made a huge change in their organisation as well. Since 1919, every time they have opened a way for new innovations for executives. The Managing Director of Sales in Business Travel for Hilton Hotel Corporation at present is Maureen Mackey. Hilton hotels are at present the official hotel group of uk. They have more than 2700 hotels around the globe at present. Supply The theory of supply considered as one of the fundamental theory in the economics. According to the economic point of view supply means that the amount of the product that producers willing to provide at a particular price over a given period of time. Law of supply Law of supply means that when other things are equal there will be a direct relationship between price and quantity of supply. We can explain easily with a diagram In this diagram x axis shows that quantity of supply that provided by producers to customers and y axiss explain price of the product. The first time price is p1 and quantity of supply is q1. Then there is a increase in price from p1 to p2 as a result supply also increases to q1 to q2.this is considered as theory of supply Factors affecting Supply There are many factors that affecting supply of a commodity or services the main factors are Price of the commodity: There is a direct relation between price and supply of a product or service. That means when price of a commodity increases producers try to sell more unit of the product. Because main goal of every firm is to achieve profit. When price increases producers try to achieve more by increasing supply of that product or services Price of factors of production Factors of production also influence supply. The word factors of production is mainly included land labour..etc .so when price of factors of production increases producers cannot supply much to consumer. On the same time he can increase his production or he can supply more products when the price of factors of production decreases Prices of other commodities: Price of other commodities means that in a company producer produce two products on the same time. But the quantity of the product supplied will be different. Because it depends upon the price of product. That is if one commodity got high price firm try to supply more of that commodity Change in cost of production: like factors of production cost of production also important in change in supply. Because firm can supply more unit of product by reducing cost of production Technological advancement: technological advantage is very important in every part of product. That is there is a direct relation between technology and supply. When technology improve supply also improve Climate: weather or climate is always influence change in supply. When there is a good climate Firm can supply a good quantity of product Taste and preference Taste and preference always help firm to achieve increase in supply. That means if firm can produce goods which can satisfy peoples taste then producer can supply a good amount of product Tax rate Tax rate and subsidies plays an important role in supply of a product. There is a relation between both of them. For example if tax rate of a product or services increases producers try to reduce the supply of that particular product. If tax rate fall firms try to sell more of product as possible but subsidies have different look if subsidies that given to a firm will increases producers try to increase supply of that product and vice versa Governments influence Every organisation needs a good climate of administration otherwise new producers will not enter in market. On the same time governments should give a liberal policy to business man if not that will affect supply of commodity. If government restriction is highly in a state producers are not willing to supply more quantity of product and vice versa B) Price elasticity of supply Price elasticity of supply is also considered as one of the major principles of economics. Price elasticity means that the relationship between changes in quantity supplied and changes in price. For the measurement of this change is known as price elasticity of supply. There is a formula for that price elasticity of supply that is PES =change in quantity supplied/change in price There is many kind of elasticity is there this all based on change in price rate. They are perfectly elastic, perfectly inelastic, elastic, inelastic and unit elastic. We can elaborate this 1) Perfectly elastic That means at the current price suppliers can supply any amount 2) Perfectly inelastic Perfectly inelastic means change in price does not affect quantity of supply. That means the rate of supply is always same when price change 3) Elastic Elastic means that when price increases supply also increases but change in supply wil be more than when it compare to price 4) Inelastic Inelastic means that there is a small proportion of change in price leads to large proportion of supply 5) Unit Unit elasticity means that rate of change in supply and rate of change in price will be same. These are the main 5 elasticity of supply .there are many factors that affect elasticity of supply they are following 1) Spare production capacity It means that if business got a spare capacity for his production then business can increase output as a result supply will be elastic to demand .that is why in recession time goods and services of Hilton hotel remain elastic (2) Stocks of finished products and components It means that raw materials and finished goods are high level in a market the supply will be elastic. On other hand if stocks or finished goods are low at market. Supply should be inelastic to its demand (3) The ease and cost of factor substitution This means that if factors of production are easily available or mobility of production factors are high that will affect elasticity of supply .that means it should be high. The hotels like Hilton always try to keep their factors available easily otherwise that will affect their business badly (4) Time period involved in the production process Time period is considered as one of the major factor that affect production process. That is usually supply of a product is high elastic at long time period because producers can adjust or rearrange production.

Personal Computer System Components :: how a computer works

Personal Computer System Components   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Can you imagine a world without computers? Computers have changed everyday life in infinite ways that we would have never imagined 50 years ago. Long ago, computers were primarily used to compute numbers and to do word processing. As times have changed, computers have also evolved to help us with our everyday tasks. Nowadays we even use our computers for personal enjoyment by using them for games and finding information on the Internet. One way computers play a vital role in everyday life is a computer that helps manage a nuclear power plant. One computer might take the place of numerous people by checking readings and calculating information. Having a thorough knowledge of how a computer operates and how the components interact is very important in understanding how a computer works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When using computer terms, it is very confusing trying to refer to different parts. Computers are basically broken down into two groups so help organize parts. Hardware is the term used to refer to items that you can physically touch and move with your hands (Dais interview). Software is the term used when referring to items you cannot touch like programs and applications.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The motherboard is the main piece of circuitry inside your PC (personal computer). Like the downtown of a big city, it’s where everything happens. The motherboard is important because the most important things inside your PC cling to it (Dais interview). In fact, for the most part, the computer tower is simply a housing for the motherboard. Although the motherboard contains a lot of items, it is essentially one unit and is referred to as such (Gookin 114). As an example, a mall has many stores, but everyone calls it the mall. At the heart of every computer beats the microprocessor. The microprocessor acts like a tiny, fast calculator (Ting interview). The microprocessor itself deals with other elements in the computer. These elements provide either input or output. Input is information flowing into microprocessor and output is information that it generates or splits up (Gookin 116). The overall performance of a computer of your PC depends in large measure of its microprocessor. Clock speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of pulses (cycles) per minute (Waters 61). You might think of a processor clock as a kind of metronome; with each beat of the clock -each cycle- the processor can execute an instruction from the software (Dais interview).

How The Web :: essays research papers

The internet is a great invention because it makes things a great deal easier for us nowadays. It is also helpful in many ways, especially, in the way of convenience. Rather than go somewhere to pay your bills, you can just do it online with a credit card. You can also check your bank statements and find out where you stand financially. These are example of good ways that the internet helps out in the world. I would have to agree with David Rothenberg when he says that the web is ruining student’s research papers. If I was a collage professor and I were to see that all of my student’s papers seemed so fake, I would be devastated. When the internet is abused to the point where it is used for just anything will affect the loss of originality, laziness, and students reading less.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While students are in collage, they do many research papers on certain topics. Most of them dread doing these kinds of papers because the numbers of pages are high. They are also time consuming and that is a big issue to a student because we all have our own lives, most of us, as we know, never have much time to spend on just a paper. So, most of the students in college try to do the easiest thing, like resort to just the internet. There is a very important term that is used in college a lot, that term is called Plagiarism. If any student turns in a paper that is plagiarized, they are kicked out of that college and given a large fine. The internet plays a big role on this word. So many people are victims of plagiarism because they only use the internet and forget about using other sources like encyclopedias, books, and newspapers. Back then, it wasn’t a problem, but nowadays people just what to do things the easy way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, since the internet is revolved around everything we do, students have now become lazy. Most of the world advertises that school assignments must be revolved around computers; even librarians say this as well. The more our technology develops in this world, the easier everything becomes. Nowadays, it’s about what makes your life easier and more convenient and I think there should be a change. On the internet there are so many short-cuts. Instead of reading carefully, and synthesizing, we do cut and paste, change the font size, and readjust the margins.

Native Americans Essay

Squanto:  ·Was sold into slavery  ·Wampanoag  ·Translator, not a cheif  ·Was a schemer  ·Friendy towards europeans/whites  ·Joined the pilgram community  ·A Patuxet  ·Belonged to the Wampanoag tribe  ·Dies in his late 30s Pwwhatan:  ·Chief  ·Wanted what was best for his tribe  ·Did not like europeans/whites  ·Agressive  ·Stood his ground  ·Died in his late 70s Similarities:  ·Both were Native Americans Compare and Contrast Chart: Native American Tribes Tribe #1: Kickapoo Government: All Kickapoo followed the traditional division of labor, placing hunting activities and protection of the village or camp in the charge of men who also cleared new feilds for planting. Women were mainly responsible for gathering wild plant foods, planting and tending crops, building houses, cooking, and child care. On large hunting campaigns, everyone helped, the women processed the meat and later the hides of the animals that the men killed. Economy: Practiced hunting and gathering, mainly deer and bison as well as other game. Wild plants and nuts were supplemented by the maize, beans, and pumpkins they planted in the spring. The Kickapoo became involved in the fur trade and later delt with other goods as well, after comming in contact with the Europeans. The Kickapoo were ultimately becoming known as shrewd traders. Religion: Belief in spirit messengers. The supreme deity is Kisiihiat, who created the world and resides in the sky. Culture: The culture hero, Wiaaka, the son of Kisiihiat, who created the Indian world and taught the Kickapoo to build their houses, which are vital elements to the Kickapoo religion. Religious practice is organized around sacred bundles for clans and herbal societies. Tribe #2: Wampanoag Government: The Wampanoag had a matrilineal system, in which women controlled property and hereditary ststus was passed though the maternal line. Female elders approved selection of chiefs or sachems, although males had most of the political roles for relations between tribes and warfare. The Wampanoag were organized into a confederation, where head sachem/political leader presided over a number of other sachems. Economy: The Wampanoag had a traditional economy based on fishing and agriculture. Religion: The Wampanoag’s religion was called Spiritualism. They thanked Mother Earth, animals, plants, birds, fish, and all living things for the gifts they gave to the Wampanoag. Women were the spiritual leaders of their households. One of the religious holidays the Wampanoag celebrated was the Wampanoag New Year. This celebration took place in the spring. The Wampanoag also prayed in the spring when they planted seeds. Culture: The Wampanoag originally spoke a dialect of the Massachusett-Wampanoag language, which belongs to the Algonquian language family.

Dualism in Indian Management

Dualism In Indian Management The management concept in the west developed as a result of evolutionary process, based on the changing values systems of the people – the social, political, and economic environment as well as educational and cultural milieu. However, in India, historically we never evolved our own concepts, keeping the Indian scenario in view. We found it convenient to transfer management technology, just as scientific technology. Most of the management concepts in India have been borrowed from west. During last three decades the western especially the American concepts of management have become popular in India and to a large extent efforts are made to absorb some of these concepts in wide variety of organizational settings which range d from Taylor’s Scientific management, management by objective to emphasis on business process reengineering etc. 1. â€Å"The actual management practices in India greatly differ from what we learn in Management schools which are based mostly on western philosophy† The broad concepts of management and administration are in a sense universal. The culture specificity obtains to the extent to which these are applied. The concepts of planning, recruitment, training, financial systems and control, etc. , are there in any culture, but the specificity is in how they are run and implemented. In India, too, down the ages there have been the existence of these universal principles and concepts of management and administration. But the difference in Indian administration and management lies in the subtle variation in how planning is carried out, how much is implemented, how recruitment takes place, what are the considerations, how are the financial controls effected and so on. The differences that manifest in Indian management and administrative practices are the result of the norms and expectations of the people through their history. Most of the management practices in India have been borrowed from the West. Most of them are given training in western countries and learning western management policies. When he applies these policies in the Indian organizations where the situation is entirely different, he finds does not proceed as planned. There is a distinct hiatus between the rofessed policies and the practices followed in the Indian environment as a result of these compromises. Assuming that foreign management practices will work equally well in Indian conditions, policies are evolved and plans made. Since goals set in this way are largely achieved, there is a perception that management practices in India are similar to the foreign ones. This may not be always true. In India management is characterized by peculiar dualism. There is a distinct hiatus be tween the professed policies and the actual practices followed in the Indian organizations. This is due to the effect of western policies on Indian management practices. Peculiarities of Indian management †¢ The emphasis on the personality of the top leader in the organization. †¢ Expectation of Indian people is more towards paternalism. The essential requisite for paternalism appears to be unity in the leadership, and single, identifiable source of power. †¢ â€Å"Familial Feeling† perceived by the employees because of the parental attitude adopted by the superiors and colleagues which gives a sense of security and belongingness among the employees. Dualism exists in almost all aspects of management starting from corporate planning, recruitment promotion, transfers to financial system and marketing aspects. The western management concepts got evolved when there was proprietary ownership and was based on the decision making process of organizing, planning, directing, coordinating, controlling etc and the manager having the right and prerogative to plan , organize, direct and control. However, over the years the ownership patterns of the organization changed from proprietary ownership to public ownership. The western management is passing through a confused state of evolutionary process where the past management concepts based on managerial rights and prerogatives are dead due to various countervailing forces, and the new concepts are yet to be born. There is a strong perception in western management that entire change process in the organization has to be brought in by the man at the top. The model organizations is not the one which, as widely believed in west and in India, where one man runs a spectacular show while he is there, to see it crumble after his exit. . Modifications suggested in the management policies to make it suitable for Indian Conditions. With the enthusiasm to run the organization on â€Å"modern†/ â€Å"professional† management principles many a times the consultants specially the foreign/western recommend management techniques based on their models and latest fads on the precepts that all those techniques could be applied in Indian environment, whi ch they discover later that they could not be implemented resulting in further frustration and acrimonious debates on the value of such advises. This is primarily because of the lack of thorough and intrinsic research on Indian management i. e. what works in India and what does not work. Organizations have been investing huge resources on various borrowed concepts of management emanating from west and other countries, such as Management by Objective (MBO); Business Process Reengineering (BPR); Total Quality Management (TQM); Just In Time (JIT); Strategic Management, Target Oriented or 360 Degree Appraisal System, Balanced Score Card etc. Researches indicate these concepts in the long run get abandoned or just remain on paper though what actually happens is quite different resulting in frustration due to dualism in management. In Indian Context, to bring about a change, it is important that the dynamics of Indian environment included familial culture, is not completely separated from the organization holding purely by the dictates of alien management principles. Certain legal modifications should be made to have longer tenure for the top management with internal promotions and appropriate career and succession plan. Succession planning would insulate the organization from periodic upheavals that normally occur with changes in the leadership. It will also lend a sense of stability to the organizations over a period of time. Indian management needs to move away from short-term profitability to long-term institution building. If as it is at present, the personality of the leader overwhelms the institution, it should be his responsibility to build tradition and practices that are conducive to long-term institution building. Little attention is paid to career planning. This will only lead to discontent. Organizations must have systematic career planning for employees from the time they join. Indian management should move towards institutionalization and standardization of practices across organizations. This has to be done over a long term. ASSIGNMENT ON Dualism In Indian Management Submitted By, Dhanya Mathew MBA-L Reg No. 0921242